THE GREAT EARTHQUAKE OF 1755
O GRANDE TERRAMOTO DE 1755The Fall and Rise of Lisbon
A Queda e o Renascimento de Lisboa
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After three centuries as one of Europe's most vibrant and opulent capitals during the Age of Discovery, Lisbon was almost completely destroyed in one single day: November 1st, 1755. It was All Saints' Day and a violent earthquake (estimated to be a magnitude 9 on the Richter scale) knocked down domes and roofs, crushing hundreds of people who were celebrating that Christian day. A tsunami a short time later put out the fires caused by the many church candles, but destroyed the columns, arches and stones that had remained standing. Many thought it was the wrath of God and refused to abandon the churches, preferring to stay and pray for forgiveness during those Apocalyptic hours. In the end, most of the city was reduced to rubble and tens of thousands of people were dead. It was the end of Lisbon's golden age but also the birth of a new, more enlightened city. WHAT WAS LOSTNever had a natural disaster received such international attention, as Lisbon's losses had no precedents in Europe (Voltaire, Kant and Goethe all wrote about it). Lisbon was one of the most important ports for European trade with the Americas, Asia and Africa, so it was also an economic disaster for international trade. The royal palace on the waterfront was completely destroyed, as was the new Opera House inaugurated just months before as the largest in Europe. Also gone was the Customs Exchange, almost every church and convent, entire squares, government offices, shops and homes.
Such a great loss of cultural patrimony stirred a desire to rebuilt an even grander city. The discovery of gold in Brazil made it seem that it was possible to pay for. The prime minister, the Marquis of Pombal, wanted a new enlightened capital as opposed to the city it had become in the years prior to the earthquake -- a city shackled by dogma and dominated by archaic Catholic orthodoxy that shunned science. Over the foundation of the ruined city would rise a new state-of-the-art Lisbon. It would have modern sanitation and wide streets following strict building codes. This was a singular opportunity for renewal, and Lisbon became a model for the rest of Europe. It was the first time standardized prefabricated buildings were used on such a grand scale, and they came with quake-resistant elasticity. This enlightened town planning was emulated later in Paris by Baron Haussmann and in Barcelona by Ildefons Cerdà.
The renaissance and transformation of Lisbon was a prodigious feat and that was thanks to the determined and ruthless Pombal. His statue currently stands at the top of a monument facing the rebuilt downtown. A stroll through Baixa today reveals the new uniform district culminating in the grand riverside Comércio Square.
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Foi durante três séculos (na época dos Descobrimentos) uma das capitais mais opulentas da Europa, mas Lisboa ficou quase completamente destruída num único dia: 1 de novembro de 1755. No dia de Todos-os-Santos um violento terramoto (estima-se uma magnitude 9 na escala de Richter) derrubou cúpulas e telhados, esmagando centenas de pessoas que observavam o dia cristão. Um tsunami poucas horas depois conseguiu apagar os fogos causados pelas velas das igrejas, mas destruiu as colunas, arcos e paredes que tinham permanecido de pé. Muitos julgavam tratar-se da ira de Deus e recusaram abandonar as igrejas, preferindo ficar a rezar durante aquelas horas apocalípticas. No fim, grande parte da cidade ficou reduzida a escombros e desapareceram dezenas de milhares de pessoas. Era o fim da época de ouro de Lisboa, mas também o nascimento de uma nova cidade iluminista. O QUE SE PERDEU
Nenhum outro desastre natural havia atraído tanta atenção internacional, pois o que se perdeu em Lisboa não tinha precedentes na Europa (Voltaire, Kant e Goethe escreveram sobre o acontecimento). Lisboa era um dos portos mais importantes para o comércio europeu com as Américas, Ásia e África, e por isso este foi também um desastre para a economia e para o comércio internacional. O palácio real à beira-rio ficou completamente destruído, assim como a nova ópera inaugurada poucos meses antes como a maior da Europa. Também se perdeu a alfândega, quase todas as igrejas e conventos, praças inteiras, serviços públicos, lojas e casas.
A enorme perda de património cultural despertou o desejo de reconstruir uma cidade ainda mais grandiosa. A descoberta de ouro no Brasil fez parecer que isso seria possível, e o Marquês de Pombal imaginou uma nova capital iluminista em contraste com a cidade que se tinha tornado antes do terramoto (uma cidade que desprezava a ciência, agarrada a dogmas e a ortodoxia cristã arcaica).
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SURVIVORS
The ruins of Carmo Convent is the most evocative reminder of the earthquake's destruction. Almost everything else was rebuilt, and the only two districts that remained largely unscathed were Alfama and Belém. In Alfama is a number of survivors, including St. Christopher's Church, Casa dos Bicos, Menino de Deus Church, Conceição Velha Church and the cathedral. Luckily, two of the city's main landmarks, the Jerónimos Monastery and Belém Tower (both in Belém) also survived, as did the monumental aqueduct. RECOMMENDED READING Books about the 1755 earthquake and its effects: |
SOBREVIVENTES
As ruínas do Convento do Carmo são o monumento mais evocativo da destruição do terramoto. Quase todo o resto foi reconstruído, e os únicos dois bairros que permaneceram praticamente intactos foram Alfama e Belém. Em Alfama encontram-se vários "sobreviventes," como a Igreja de São Cristóvão, a Casa dos Bicos, a Igreja do Menino de Deus, a Igreja da Conceição Velha e a Sé. Felizmente dois dos principais monumentos da cidade (o Mosteiro dos Jerónimos e a Torre de Belém, ambos em Belém) também sobreviveram, assim como o grandioso aqueduto. LEITURA RECOMENDADA Livros sobre o terramoto de 1755 e os seus efeitos: |
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O QUE VER EM LISBOA |
= A Lisbon must-see sight | A não perder em Lisboa
